Articles Posted in Market-Based Sourcing

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After nearly a decade in development, the California Franchise Tax Board (FTB) has finalized its amended market-based sourcing regulation under Regulation Section 25136-2, which governs the sourcing of receipts from services and intangible property.

The regulation was approved by the Office of Administrative Law and filed with the Secretary of State on August 27, 2025.  The revised rules will apply to tax years beginning on or after January 1, 2026.  Among the most significant changes to the regulation are:Capture-2-300x101

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The California Attorney General has confirmed the Office of Tax Appeals (OTA) may decline to apply a tax regulation in a taxpayer appeal if it conflicts with the relevant statute. OTA must afford appropriate deference to the issuing agency, but its authority extends to setting aside the regulation for that appeal. OTA lacks authority to invalidate or repeal the regulation more broadly or to apply its conclusions outside the specific appeal.

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The California Franchise Tax Board (FTB) announced it has initiated the formal rulemaking process to amend Regulation Section 25136-2, which governs the sourcing of receipts from services and intangible property.  The proposed changes would apply to taxable years beginning on or after January 1, 2024.Capture-2-300x101 Continue Reading ›

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The New Jersey Tax Court held that a taxpayer was entitled to a refund of corporation business tax (CBT) for tax years 2011 and 2012 after determining the taxpayer correctly used a market-based sourcing methodology to source service receipts to New Jersey.  In its unpublished April 11, 2024, opinion, the court rejected the argument that the law and regulations in effect during the tax years at issue, which preceded 2018 legislation adopting market-based sourcing, required the use of a cost of performance (COP) methodology.

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On November 7, 2023, the Supreme Judicial Court of Maine held a taxpayer’s receipts from the performance of pharmacy benefit management (PBM) services should be apportioned using a look-through approach.  Specifically, the court held such services receipts should be apportioned to the state where the prescription drug is dispensed by retail pharmacies to individual members (i.e., the market member method), rather than the state where the taxpayer’s client’s primary commercial and administrative headquarters is located (i.e., the market client method).

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Florida-300x300On March 1, 2023, a Florida trial court confirmed that costs of performance (COP) sourcing, not market-based sourcing, is Florida’s standard methodology for sourcing service receipts for apportionment purposes.  In Billmatrix Corp. v. State of Florida, Department of Revenue, No. 2020-CA-000435 (Fla. 2d Cir. Ct. Mar. 1, 2023), the court strongly rebuked the Florida Department of Revenue for attempting to apply market-based sourcing in contravention of its own COP sourcing regulation. Continue Reading ›

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In the Appeal of Sheward, 2022-OTA-228P (May 25, 2022), the California Office of Tax Appeals (OTA) held the California Franchise Tax Board (FTB) failed to follow its own market-based sourcing apportionment regulation by prematurely using reasonable approximation to source the income of a multistate unitary business.  During the tax year 2017, the taxpayer operated a business providing in-person services as a horse racetrack judge in California and Minnesota but failed to file a California return.  Related to such services, the taxpayer received Form 1099s from the State of California, the State of Minnesota, and Minnesota Harness Racing, Inc.

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